French Enlightenment | Wikipedia audio article |
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This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment 00:01:39 1 Significant people and publications 00:03:51 2 Philosophy 00:07:05 3 Science 00:11:13 4 Sociology, economics and law 00:13:08 5 Politics 00:13:44 5.1 Theories of government 00:19:27 5.2 Enlightened absolutism 00:21:26 5.3 French Revolution 00:23:08 6 Religion 00:26:22 6.1 Separation of church and state 00:27:39 7 National variations 00:28:30 7.1 Great Britain 00:28:38 7.1.1 England 00:30:03 7.1.2 Scotland 00:30:59 7.1.3 American colonies 00:32:19 7.2 German states 00:36:14 7.3 Italy 00:38:11 7.4 Russia 00:39:23 7.5 Portugal 00:41:41 7.6 Poland 00:43:11 8 Historiography 00:44:22 8.1 Definition 00:44:59 8.2 Time span 00:48:00 8.3 Modern study 00:49:10 9 Society and culture 00:51:39 9.1 Social and cultural implications in the arts 00:55:38 10 Dissemination of ideas 00:58:45 10.1 The Republic of Letters 00:59:07 10.2 The book industry 01:02:34 10.3 Natural history 01:07:52 10.4 Scientific and literary journals 01:09:58 10.5 Encyclopedias and dictionaries 01:11:46 10.6 Popularization of science 01:17:31 10.7 Schools and universities 01:20:51 10.8 Learned academies 01:22:43 10.9 Salons 01:26:46 10.10 Coffeehouses 01:27:06 10.11 Debating societies 01:30:54 10.12 Masonic lodges 01:33:35 10.13 Art 01:38:55 11 Important intellectuals 01:39:33 12 See also 01:39:43 13 References Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago. Learning by listening is a great way to: - increases imagination and understanding - improves your listening skills - improves your own spoken accent - learn while on the move - reduce eye strain Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone. Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio: https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91 Other Wikipedia audio articles at: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts Upload your own Wikipedia articles through: https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts Speaking Rate: 0.8867177447761247 Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B "I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think." - Socrates SUMMARY ======= The Age of Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Reason or simply the Enlightenment) was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, the "Century of Philosophy".Some consider the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica (1687) as the first major enlightenment work. French historians traditionally date the Enlightenment from 1715 to 1789, from the beginning of the reign of Louis XV until the French Revolution. Most end it with the turn of the 19th century. Philosophers and scientists of the period widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, coffeehouses and in printed books, journals, and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Church and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage to the Enlightenment.The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of knowledge and advanced ideals such as liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, constitutional government and separation of church and state. In France, the central doctrines of the Enlightenment philosophers were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to an absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church. The Enlightenment was marked by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy—an attitude captured by the phrase Sapere aude (Dare to know). |