Ch. 1. Psychology as a science (lecture 3/3). MTA PSYC 1001: Week 2, Class 1 |
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Psychology is the study of the 'psyche', a term that refers to the concept of the human soul -- an entity which we understand to be on some form of journey through life. In classical mythology, Psyche is the goddess of the soul. The story of Psyche illustrates that there is always a social and cultural lens on the outcomes that we seek in psychology, which are often broad social and philosophical constructs such as 'wellbeing'. Wilhelm Wundt founded the scientific discipline of psychology by shifting its subject matter to the 'mind'. Early psychologists asked what are the elements of the mind; e.g., seeing, smelling (structuralism), what function these elements serve (functionalism), and whether there is an unconscious 'mind;' (psychodynamics). Psychologists in the behaviourist school hoped to create a purely objective discipline by studying observable behaviour only, without reference to thoughts or feelings; for example, by controlling rewards and punishments. A weakness of behaviourism is that an organism's reaction to a stimulus as a reward or a punishment (how would you feel about a B on your midterm?) depends on perception and interpretation. This is the subject of cognitive psychology. Developmental psychology study how people change over their lifecourse. There are even other schools of thought in psychology; for example, critical, liberation, and indigenous psychologies. We concluded by considering the many different types of psychology. While most laypersons equate psychology with clinical psychology, there are many other applied areas of practice, including but not limited to: experimental, counselling, school, educational, forensic, industrial-organizational, and vocational.
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