Behaviorist schools frame learning in terms of stimulus-response. You try something, you get a reward or punishment, you try again but this time emphasize what worked and de-emphasize what didn't. Repeat until happy.

Cognitivist schools frame learning in terms of constructing your understanding. If a new piece of information fits with your viewpoint, your confidence in it increases. If new info doesn't fit, you shift your viewpoint until it does fit. Repeat until all new information fits.