This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership


00:04:14 1 Long term infrastructure contracts
00:09:16 2 Origins
00:11:54 3 In specific countries
00:12:04 3.1 Australia
00:12:28 3.2 Canada
00:13:56 3.3 China
00:14:59 3.4 Egypt
00:15:26 3.5 European Union
00:16:10 3.6 India
00:18:31 3.7 Japan
00:19:23 3.8 Philippines
00:20:06 3.9 Puerto Rico
00:20:28 3.10 Russia
00:22:15 3.11 United Kingdom
00:23:41 3.12 United States
00:28:57 4 Growth and decline
00:32:23 5 Controversy
00:37:13 5.1 Privatisation of water
00:39:31 6 Health services
00:43:59 7 Product development partnerships
00:51:51 8 Financing
00:54:16 9 Centralised units
00:59:30 10 Specific cases
01:05:19 11 Studies
01:06:17 12 Economic theory
01:07:50 13 Challenges and barriers
01:15:29 14 See also



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SUMMARY
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A public–private partnership (PPP, 3P or P3) is a cooperative arrangement between two or more public and private sectors, typically of a long-term nature. Governments have used such a mix of public and private endeavors throughout history. However, the late 20th century and early 21st century have seen a clear trend towards governments across the globe making greater use of various PPP arrangements.PPPs are best seen as a special kind of contract involved in infrastructure provision, such as the building and equipping of schools, hospitals, transport systems, water and sewerage systems.There is no consensus about how to define a PPP. PPPs can be understood of both as a governance mechanism and a language game. When understood as a language game, or brand, the PPP phrase can cover hundreds of different types of long term contracts with a wide range of risk allocations, funding arrangements and transparency requirements. And as a brand, the PPP concept is also closely related to concepts such as privatization and the contracting out of government services. When understood as a governance mechanism the PPP concept encompasses at least five families of potential arrangements, one of which is the long term infrastructure contract in the model of the UK's Private Finance Initiative (PFI). Particular types of arrangements have been favored in different countries at different times.
Infrastructure PPPs as a phenomenon can be understood at five different levels: as a particular project or activity, as a form of project delivery, as a statement of government policy, as a tool of government, or as a wider cultural phenomenon. Different disciplines commonly emphasize different aspects of the PPP phenomena. The engineering and economics professions primarily take a utilitarian, functional focus emphasising concerns such as project delivery and relative value-for-money (VfM) compared to the traditional ways of delivering large infrastructure projects. In contrast, public administrators and political scientists tend to view PPPs more as a policy brand, and as a useful tool for governments to achieve their objectives.
Common themes of PPPs are the sharing of risk and the development of innovative, and a way of financing over a long-term for the public and private sectors. The use of private finance is another key dimension of many PPPs, particularly those influenced by the UK PFI model, although this aspect has waned since the global financial crisis of 2008.
The PPP phenomenon has been controversial. The lack of a shared understanding of what a PPP is makes the process of evaluating whether PPPs have been successful complex. Evidence of PPP performance in terms of VfM and efficiency, for example, is mixed and often unavailable.According to Weimer and Vining, "A P3 typically involves a private entity financing, constructing, or managing a project in return for a promised stream of payments directly from government or indirectly from users over the projected lif ...