What Is a Black Hole | Facts | Theory | Definition

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The simplest definition of a black hole is an object that is so dense that not even light can escape its surface. But how does that happen?

The concept of a black hole can be understood by thinking about how fast something needs to move to escape the gravity of another object – this is called the escape velocity. Formally, escape velocity is the speed an object must attain to "break free" of the gravitational attraction of another body.

There are two things that affect the escape velocity – the mass of object and the distance to the center of that object. For example, a rocket must accelerate to 11.2 km/s in order to escape Earth's gravity. If, instead, that rocket was on a planet with the same mass as Earth but half the diameter, the escape velocity would be 15.8 km/s. Even though the mass is the same, the escape velocity is greater, because the object is smaller (and more dense).

What if we made the size of the object even smaller? If we squished the Earth's mass into a sphere with a radius of 9 mm, the escape velocity would be the speed of light. Just a wee-bit smaller, and the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light. But the speed of light is the cosmic speed limit, so it would be impossible to escape that tiny sphere, if you got close enough.

The radius at which a mass has an escape velocity equal to the speed of light is called the Schwarzschild radius. Any object that is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius is a black hole – in other words, anything with an escape velocity greater than the speed of light is a black hole. For something the mass of our sun would need to be squeezed into a volume with a radius of about 3 km.

There are two basic parts to a black hole: the singularity and the event horizon.

The event horizon is the "point of no return" around the black hole. It is not a physical surface, but a sphere surrounding the black hole that marks where the escape velocity is equal to the speed of light. Its radius is the Schwarzschild radius mentioned earlier.

One thing about the event horizon: once matter is inside it, that matter will fall to the center. With such strong gravity, the matter squishes to just a point – a tiny, tiny volume with a crazy-big density. That point is called the singularity. It is vanishingly small, so it has essentially an infinite density. It's likely that the laws of physics break down at the singularity. Scientists are actively engaged in research to better understand what happens at these singularities, as well as how to develop a full theory that better describes what happens at the center of a black hole.

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