#urolithiasis #kidneystones #pathophysiology


Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and acid salts that stick together in concentrated urine.
They can be painful when passing through the urinary tract, but usually don't cause permanent damage.
Concrement-forming substances such as calcium from intestinal absorption and elevated calcitriol .
Phosphate from metabolization of bone, and elevated parathyroid hormone.
As well as Uric acid , xanthine and oxalate from intestinal absorption and disordered metabolism in the liver,
can reach concentrations in the urine that lie above their solubility threshold or the ability for them to dissolve .
In the so-called metastable range of these substances the formation of crystals may not occur at all, or only slowly, despite supersaturation of the solution.
However, when the concentrations rise beyond the metastable range, crystallization occurs.
Dissolving already formed crystals is possible only by reducing the concentration to below the metastable range.
The most frequently found components in kidney stones are
calcium oxalate in about 70%
calcium phosphate or magnesium-ammonium phosphate In about 30%
uric acid or urate in about 30 %
as well as xanthine or cystine In less than
5 % of the crystal .

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