This video presents The Rise and Fall of The Ottoman Empire, one of the mightiest and longest-lasting dynasties in world history.

Chapter:
00:00 Introduction
00:30 History of the Ottoman Empire
01:59 The most glorious period of the Ottoman Empire
04:13 Notable achievements of the Ottoman Empire
06:11 The collapse of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire was initially just a small beylik in Anatolia which originated from the Seljuk Empire. In 1299, Osman I established a formal government and formed the Ottoman Turks. The next few years witnessed the conquest of this small beylik towards more powerful neighbors. At its height, the Ottoman Empire covered several regions, including Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Egypt, Hungary, Macedonia, Romania, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, parts of Arabia, and a considerable amount of the North African coastal strip.

The most glorious period of the Ottoman Empire was believed to occur during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, a brilliant military commander, religious leader as well as political ruler. Under his reign, the Ottoman Empire started its massive expansion towards Eastern Europe and Asia, turning this empire into an extremely large state, and by the time he passed away, its total population reached 15,000,000 km2. Moreover, under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, this Islamic-rule superpower also attained considerable accomplishments in the domains of politics, law, and culture.

Specifically, the reforms and attainments Suleiman I reaped are called the “Golden Age of Islam”, which has exerted enormous influence on countries in the region and all around the world. This period was also marked by major achievements in fields of science, mathematics, engineering, philosophy, medicine, literature, economics, etc. For example, the Ottoman was considered the pioneer in the field of vaccination.

The method of vaccination or ‘variolation’ (referred to then as ‘inoculation’) had been practiced for centuries against smallpox in Ottoman lands before it was popularized in Britain and Europe in the 18th century by the wife of the British ambassador to Ottoman, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Or in terms of architectural construction, a large number of elaborate mosques and public buildings were built, which reflected the characteristics of Ottoman culture via minor details, contributing to define the culture of the time.

Constantinople (recently known as Istanbul) was built up as the capital of the Ottoman Empire under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent remains its beauty until now and has become a popular tourist attraction.

The beginning of the 17th century marked the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire. The decline, firstly, was reflected through the loss of economic and military dominance to Europe. Despite the Ottomans’ effort to invade new territories, its defeat at the Battle of Vienna in 1683 definitely led to the weakening of the Empire. By the 19th century, Ottoman power was becoming weaker and weaker due to loss of territories, economic downturn, and increased dependence on the European powers. The Balkan War in 1912 and 1913 which ended with the Ottoman's losing populations and nearly all of its territories in Europe contributed to the decline of the Empire.

In the middle of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire carried out a series of reforms known as The Tanzimat reforms to modernize the state itself as well as to improve its status. Nevertheless, the reforms turned out not as successful as expected.

And it was the outbreak of World War I that made the Ottoman Empire completely dissolve. During the war, the Ottoman army entered the war on the side of Central Powers which were defeated by the Allied Powers in October 1918. As a result, according to the Armistice of Mudros, the majority of Ottoman territories were divided among Britain, France, Greece, and Russia.

In 1922, the elimination of the Ottoman Sultan’s title officially put an end to the Ottoman Empire, giving the foundation for the Republic of Turkey in the following year.
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