How did Belgium break away from the Netherlands?
In 1815, after centuries apart, the Low Countries ('Netherlands') were merged together into a single state: the United Kingdom of the Netherlands under William I of the House of Orange. Less than two decades later, the United Netherlands came to an end. The Belgian Revolution was sparked by an economic downturn, but it grew out of control because of the actions of the Dutch, not their southern subjects. Eventually, with the backing of the concert of Europe, Belgium formally broke free.

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Sources Consulted:
Deseure, Brecht, and Diederik Smit. “Pre-Revolutionary Provinces in a Post-Napoleonic State. Piecing Together the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, 1813-15”. BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review 133, no. 3 (2018): 98-121.
https://doi.org/10.18352/bmgn-lchr.10589.

Kossmann, E.H. The Low Countries, 1780-1940 (Oxford History of Modern Europe). London: Oxford University Press, 1978.
https://archive.org/details/lowcountries17800000koss/page/n9/mode/2up.

Miller, Stuart T. Mastering Modern European History. London: Macmillan Education LTD, 1990.

Péporté, Pit, et al. Inventing Luxembourg: Representations of the Past, Space and Language from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ups/reader.action?docID=583680&ppg=165&pq-origsite=primo

Reynaerts, Jenny. “Formatting Unity: Representations of King Willem 1 of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815-30)”. The Rijksmusuem Bulletin 63, no. 3 (2015): 258-93.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/24642122.