In this journal club episode, my guest is Stanford and Johns Hopkins-trained physician, Dr. Peter Attia, M.D., who is also the host of The Drive podcast and the author of the bestselling book "Outlive: The Science & Art of Longevity."

We each present a scientific paper and discuss the findings' strengths, weaknesses and actionable takeaways.

First, we discuss an article that addresses whether taking the drug metformin can enhance longevity. Then, we discuss an article on belief effects (similar to placebo effects), showing how the effects of a drug on the brain and cognition depend on one's belief about the dose of the drug taken, not the actual dose.

Our conversation also highlights how to read, interpret and critique scientific studies. This episode ought to be of interest to those curious about health and longevity, medicine and psychology and for anyone seeking to better understand how to read and digest scientific findings.

#HubermanLab #Science

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Dr. Peter Attia
Website: https://peterattiamd.com
Outlive: The Science & Art of Longevity: https://peterattiamd.com/outlive
The Peter Attia Drive Podcast: https://peterattiamd.com/podcast
Newsletter: https://peterattiamd.com/newsletter
X (formerly Twitter): https://twitter.com/PeterAttiaMD
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/peterattiamd
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/PeterAttiaMD
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/peterattiamd

Articles
Reassessing the evidence of a survival advantage in Type 2 diabetes treated with metformin compared with controls without diabetes: a retrospective cohort study: https://bit.ly/3EypTAJ
The Hallmarks of Aging: https://bit.ly/3ZeqnFI
Can people with type 2 diabetes live longer than those without? A comparison of mortality in people initiated with metformin or sulphonylurea monotherapy and matched, non-diabetic controls: https://bit.ly/3Lespjp
A thalamic circuit represents dose-like responses induced by nicotine-related beliefs in human smokers: https://bit.ly/3LiAaEX

Other Resources
TAME (Targeting Aging with Metformin) Trial: https://bit.ly/3P7eMDI
Interventions Testing Program (ITP): https://bit.ly/3EDtmOg
Slow-Carb Diet (Tim Ferris): https://bit.ly/462q6YD
Dr. Alia Crum: Science of Mindsets for Health & Performance (Huberman Lab episode): https://bit.ly/3PdbKhd
Nicotine’s Effects on the Brain & Body & How to Quit Smoking or Vaping (Huberman Lab episode): https://bit.ly/3PkGopc
Adderall, Stimulants & Modafinil for ADHD: Short- & Long-Term Effects (Huberman Lab episode): https://bit.ly/3Pg7jT3
Neural correlates of interspecies perspective taking in the post-mortem Atlantic Salmon: an argument for multiple comparisons correction (Dead salmon study): https://bit.ly/3PvJvf9

Timestamps
00:00:00 Dr. Peter Attia, Journal Club
00:03:27 Sponsors: Helix Sleep & Levels
00:06:11 Dreams
00:12:36 Article #1, Metformin, Mitochondria, Blood Glucose
00:19:47 Type 2 Diabetes & Causes, Insulin Resistance
00:25:30 Type 2 Diabetes Medications, Metformin, Geroprotection, Bannister Study
00:36:19 Sponsor: AG1
00:37:15 TAME Trial; Demographics, Twin Cohort
00:44:27 Metformin & Mortality Rate
00:51:28 Kaplan-Meier Mortality Curve, Error Bars & Significance, Statistical Power
01:01:17 Sponsor: InsideTracker
01:02:23 Hazard Ratios, Censoring
01:09:00 Metformin Advantage?, Variables, Interventions Testing Program
01:16:02 Berberine, Acarbose, SGLT2 Inhibitors
01:23:48 Blood Glucose & Energy Balance; Caloric Restriction, Aging Biomarkers
01:32:22 Tool: Reading Journal Articles, 4 Questions, Supplemental Information
01:38:10 Article #2, Belief Effects vs. Placebo Effect
01:45:22 Nicotine Effects
01:51:07 Nicotine Doses & Belief Effects, fMRI Scan
02:00:07 Biological Effects, Dose-Dependent Response & Belief Effects
02:05:14 Biology & Beliefs, Significance, Dopamine Response, Non-Smokers
02:10:57 Dose-Dependence & Beliefs, Side Effects, Nocebo Effect
02:19:06 Zero-Cost Support, YouTube Feedback, Spotify & Apple Reviews, Sponsors, Momentous, Neural Network Newsletter, Social Media

Title Card Photo Credit: Mike Blabac - https://www.blabacphoto.com

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