This video is intended for medical professionals, to learn more about the neurobiology of mental disorders, with focus on the newly evolved prefrontal cortex, information that is often not taught in medical schools or residencies. The goals of this presentation are 1) to explain the prefrontal circuits governing thought, action and emotion and their sensitivity to arousal state, 2) to describe how these circuits are altered in cognitive and affective disorders, and 3) to build awareness that may help to reduce the stigma associated with mental illnesses.