Utilitarianism | Wikipedia audio article |
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This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism 00:01:37 1 Etymology 00:02:28 2 Historical background 00:09:11 3 Classical utilitarianism 00:09:21 3.1 Jeremy Bentham 00:14:28 3.2 John Stuart Mill 00:14:57 3.2.1 Higher and lower pleasures 00:21:49 3.2.2 Mill's 'proof' of the principle of utility 00:26:30 4 Twentieth-century developments 00:26:41 4.1 Ideal utilitarianism 00:28:24 4.2 Act and rule utilitarianism 00:32:48 4.3 Two-level utilitarianism 00:36:02 4.4 Preference utilitarianism 00:39:14 5 More varieties of utilitarianism 00:39:25 5.1 Negative utilitarianism 00:41:53 5.2 Motive utilitarianism 00:44:10 6 Criticisms 00:44:32 6.1 Quantifying utility 00:45:39 6.2 Utility ignores justice 00:48:47 6.3 Predicting consequences 00:51:10 6.4 Demandingness objection 00:56:09 6.5 Aggregating utility 01:00:08 6.6 Calculating utility is self-defeating 01:02:04 6.7 Special obligations criticism 01:03:06 6.8 Criticisms of utilitarian value theory 01:04:49 7 Additional considerations 01:04:59 7.1 Average v. total happiness 01:07:58 7.2 Motives, intentions, and actions 01:11:00 8 Humans alone, or other sentient beings? 01:11:11 8.1 Nonhuman animals 01:16:34 9 Application to specific issues 01:16:45 9.1 World poverty 01:18:10 10 See also Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago. Learning by listening is a great way to: - increases imagination and understanding - improves your listening skills - improves your own spoken accent - learn while on the move - reduce eye strain Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone. Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio: https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91 Other Wikipedia audio articles at: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts Upload your own Wikipedia articles through: https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts Speaking Rate: 0.9170429300065881 Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A "I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think." - Socrates SUMMARY ======= Utilitarianism is an ethical and philosophical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility, which is usually defined as that which produces the greatest well-being of the greatest number of people, and in some cases, sentient animals. Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism, described utility as the sum of all pleasure that results from an action, minus the suffering of anyone involved in the action. Utilitarianism is a version of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. Unlike other forms of consequentialism, such as egoism and altruism, utilitarianism considers the interests of all beings equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have disagreed on a number of points, such as whether actions should be chosen based on their likely results (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to rules that maximize utility (rule utilitarianism). There is also disagreement as to whether total (total utilitarianism), average (average utilitarianism) or minimum utility should be maximized. Though the seeds of the theory can be found in the hedonists Aristippus and Epicurus, who viewed happiness as the only good, the tradition of utilitarianism properly began with Bentham, and has included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R. M. Hare, David Braybrooke, and Peter Singer. It has been applied to social welfare economics, the crisis of global poverty, the ethics of raising animals for food and the importance of avoiding existential risks to humanity. |