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Ventricular Septal Defect : Etiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical features, Diagnostics, Treatment

Summary
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A VSD is an opening in the interventricular septum that arises due to errors in embryological development of cardiac tissue.
VSDs are the most common congenital heart defect.
The most prominent physical exam finding associated with VSD is a holosystolic murmur best heard over the tricuspid area.
Patients with a small VSD are generally asymptomatic.
Patients with a large VSD may present as infants with symptoms of heart failure, such as tachypnea and poor feeding or weight gain, or they may present later in childhood with symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome.
Electrocardiography, chest x-ray, and echocardiography are all tests that can be used to aid in the diagnosis and work-up of VSDs.
Many small to moderate-size VSD are benign and close spontaneously, so treatment is not necessary.
Patients with large symptomatic VSDs can undergo surgical intervention or a cardiac catheterization procedure to correct VSD in first few years of life to avoid further pathologic remodeling.
VSDs that go uncorrected may lead to Eisenmenger syndrome, in which direction of shunt reverses and patients present with symptoms such as cyanosis.

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