Catalonia | Wikipedia audio article |
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This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia 00:04:40 1 Etymology and pronunciation 00:07:10 2 History 00:07:18 2.1 Prehistory 00:08:57 2.2 Pre-Roman and Roman period 00:10:57 2.3 Middle Ages 00:15:04 2.4 Modern Era 00:18:05 2.5 Industrialisation, Republic and autonomy 00:22:03 2.6 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and Franco's rule (1939–1975) 00:24:48 2.7 Transition and democratic period (1975–present) 00:28:07 3 Geography 00:28:15 3.1 Climate 00:29:44 3.2 Topography 00:32:11 3.3 Flora and fauna 00:33:14 3.4 Hydrography 00:35:01 3.5 Anthropic pressure and protection of nature 00:37:09 4 Politics 00:41:50 4.1 Statute of Autonomy 00:44:05 4.2 Government and law 00:44:37 4.2.1 Legislature 00:45:17 4.2.2 Presidency 00:46:04 4.2.3 Executive 00:46:30 4.3 Security forces and Justice 00:47:49 4.4 Administrative divisions 00:48:14 4.4.1 Provinces 00:48:54 4.4.2 Comarques 00:49:50 4.4.3 Municipalities 00:50:23 4.4.4 Vegueries 00:51:57 5 Economy 00:54:55 5.1 Unemployment 00:55:10 5.2 Transport 00:55:17 5.2.1 Airports 00:55:55 5.2.2 Ports 00:57:05 5.2.3 Roads 00:57:49 5.2.4 Railways 00:59:20 6 Demographics 01:01:02 6.1 Religion 01:01:56 6.2 Languages 01:08:21 7 Culture 01:08:30 7.1 Art and architecture 01:10:53 7.1.1 Monuments and World Heritage Sites 01:11:48 7.2 Literature 01:14:27 7.3 Festivals and public holidays 01:16:11 7.4 Music and dance 01:19:15 7.5 Media and cinema 01:22:35 7.6 Philosophy 01:23:02 7.7 Sport 01:25:28 7.8 Symbols 01:26:34 7.9 Cuisine 01:27:45 8 Image gallery 01:27:55 9 Twinning and covenants 01:28:11 10 See also Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago. Learning by listening is a great way to: - increases imagination and understanding - improves your listening skills - improves your own spoken accent - learn while on the move - reduce eye strain Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone. Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio: https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91 Other Wikipedia audio articles at: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts Upload your own Wikipedia articles through: https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts Speaking Rate: 0.9790315721298425 Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D "I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think." - Socrates SUMMARY ======= Catalonia (; Catalan: Catalunya [kətəˈluɲə]; Aranese: Catalonha [kataˈluɲɔ]; Spanish: Cataluña [kataˈluɲa]) is an autonomous community on the northeastern corner of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy Catalonia consists of four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. The capital and largest city is Barcelona, the second-most populated municipality in Spain and the core of the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union. It comprises most of the territory of the former Principality of Catalonia (with the remainder Roussillon now part of France's Pyrénées-Orientales, Occitanie). It is bordered by France (Occitanie) and Andorra to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the east, and the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon to the west and Valencia to the south. The official languages are Catalan, Spanish, and the Aranese dialect of Occitan.In the late 8th century, the counties of the March of Gothia and the Hispanic March were established by the Frankish kingdom as feudal vassals across and near the eastern Pyrenees as a defensive barrier against Muslim invasions. The eastern counties of these marches were united under the rule of the Frankish vassal, the count of Barcelona, and were later called Catalonia. In the 10th century the County of Barcelona became independent de facto. In 1137, Barcelona and the Kingdom of Aragon were united by marriage under the Crown of Aragon. The de jure end of Frankish rule was ratified by French and Aragonese monarchs in the Treaty of Corbeil in 1258. The Principality of Catalonia developed its own institutional system, such as courts (parliament), and constitutions, becoming the base for the Crown of Aragon's naval power, trade and expansionism in the Mediterranean. In the later Middle Ages, Catalan literature flourished. During the last Medieval centuries natural disasters, social turmoils and military conflicts affected the Principality. Between 1469 and 1516, the king of Aragon and the queen of Castile married and ruled their realms together, retaining all of their distinct institutions and legislation. During the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), Catalonia revolted (1640–1652) against a large and bur ... |