Afghanistan | Wikipedia audio article |
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This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Afghanistan 00:03:29 1 Etymology 00:04:15 2 History 00:05:31 2.1 Pre-Islamic period 00:09:06 2.2 Islamization and Mongol invasion 00:11:33 2.3 Hotak dynasty and Durrani Empire 00:14:22 2.4 British influence and independent kingdom 00:18:47 2.5 PDPA coup d'état and Soviet war 00:22:42 2.6 Proxy and civil war and Islamic jihad 1989–96 00:26:30 2.7 Taliban Emirate and Northern Alliance 00:28:53 2.8 Recent history (2002–present) 00:31:57 3 Geography 00:35:10 4 Demographics 00:36:33 4.1 Ethnic groups 00:36:48 4.2 Languages 00:37:45 4.3 Religion 00:38:37 5 Governance 00:39:56 5.1 Elections and parties 00:41:36 5.2 Administrative divisions 00:43:09 5.3 Foreign relations and military 00:44:49 5.4 Law enforcement 00:46:22 6 Economy 00:50:09 6.1 Mining 00:52:16 7 Transportation 00:52:26 7.1 Air 00:53:21 7.2 Rail 00:54:20 7.3 Roads 00:55:18 8 Health 00:57:08 9 Education 00:59:53 10 Culture 01:02:32 10.1 Media and entertainment 01:04:56 10.2 Communication 01:05:41 10.3 Cuisine 01:06:15 10.4 Poetry 01:06:55 10.5 Sports 01:09:25 11 See also Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago. Learning by listening is a great way to: - increases imagination and understanding - improves your listening skills - improves your own spoken accent - learn while on the move - reduce eye strain Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone. You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through: https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts "The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing." - Socrates SUMMARY ======= Afghanistan ( (listen); Pashto/Dari: افغانستان, Pashto: Afġānistān [avɣɒnisˈtɒn, ab-], Dari: Afġānestān [avɣɒnesˈtɒn]), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South-Central Asia. Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and in the far northeast, China. Its territory covers 652,000 square kilometers (252,000 sq mi) and much of it is covered by the Hindu Kush mountain range, which experience very cold winters. The north consists of fertile plains, whilst the south-west consists of deserts where temperatures can get very hot in summers. Kabul serves as the capital and its largest city. Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era, and the country's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia. The land has historically been home to various peoples and has witnessed numerous military campaigns, including those by Alexander the Great, Mauryas, Muslim Arabs, Mongols, British, Soviets, and since 2001 by the United States with NATO-allied countries. It has been called "unconquerable" and nicknamed the "graveyard of empires". The land also served as the source from which the Kushans, Hephthalites, Samanids, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Khaljis, Mughals, Hotaks, Durranis, and others have risen to form major empires.The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the "Great Game" between British India and the Russian Empire. Its border with British India, the Durand Line, was formed in 1893 but it is not recognized by the Afghan government and it has led to strained relations with Pakistan since the latter's independence in 1947. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 the country was free of foreign influence, eventually becoming a monarchy under King Amanullah, until almost 50 years later when Zahir Shah was overthrown and a republic was established. In 1978, after a second coup Afghanistan first became a socialist state and then a Soviet Union protectorate. This evoked the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s against mujahideen rebels. By 1996 most of Afghanistan was captured by the Islamic fundamentalist group the Taliban, who ruled most of the country as a totalitarian regime for over five years. The Taliban were forcibly removed by the NATO-led coalition, and a new democratically-elected government political structure was formed. Afghanistan is a unitary presidential Islamic republic with a population of 31 million, mostly composed of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks. It is a member of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, th ... |