This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Twin paradox


00:02:01 1 History
00:05:49 2 Specific example
00:06:04 2.1 Earth perspective
00:06:43 2.2 Travellers' perspective
00:06:56 2.3 Conclusion
00:07:41 3 Resolution of the paradox in special relativity
00:07:58 3.1 Role of acceleration
00:08:22 3.2 Relativity of simultaneity
00:08:41 4 A non space-time approach
00:09:11 5 The equivalence of biological aging and clock time-keeping
00:09:36 6 What it looks like: the relativistic Doppler shift
00:10:59 6.1 The asymmetry in the Doppler shifted images
00:12:17 7 Calculation of elapsed time from the Doppler diagram
00:13:54 7.1 The distinction between what they see and what they calculate
00:15:54 7.2 Simultaneity in the Doppler shift calculation
00:16:34 8 Viewpoint of the traveling twin
00:18:54 9 Difference in elapsed time as a result of differences in twins' spacetime paths
00:20:45 10 Difference in elapsed times: how to calculate it from the ship
00:22:46 11 A rotational version
00:23:39 12 No twin paradox in an absolute frame of reference
00:24:00 13 See also
00:24:36 14 Primary sources
00:25:02 15 Secondary sources
00:25:10 16 Further reading
00:28:08 17 External links
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- Socrates



SUMMARY
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In physics, the twin paradox is a thought experiment in special relativity involving identical twins, one of whom makes a journey into space in a high-speed rocket and returns home to find that the twin who remained on Earth has aged more. This result appears puzzling because each twin sees the other twin as moving, and so, according to an incorrect and naive application of time dilation and the principle of relativity, each should paradoxically find the other to have aged less. However, this scenario can be resolved within the standard framework of special relativity: the travelling twin's trajectory involves two different inertial frames, one for the outbound journey and one for the inbound journey, and so there is no symmetry between the spacetime paths of the twins. Therefore, the twin paradox is not a paradox in the sense of a logical contradiction.
Starting with Paul Langevin in 1911, there have been various explanations of this paradox. These explanations "can be grouped into those that focus on the effect of different standards of simultaneity in different frames, and those that designate the acceleration [experienced by the travelling twin] as the main reason". Max von Laue argued in 1913 that since the traveling twin must be in two separate inertial frames, one on the way out and another on the way back, this frame switch is the reason for the aging difference, not the acceleration per se. Explanations put forth by Albert Einstein and Max Born invoked gravitational time dilation to explain the aging as a direct effect of acceleration. General relativity is not necessary to explain the twin paradox; special relativity alone can explain the phenomenon.Time dilation has been verified experimentally by precise measurements of atomic clocks flown in aircraft and satellites. For example, gravitational time dilation and special relativity together have been used to explain the Hafele–Keating experiment. It was also confirmed in particle accelerators by measuring the time dilation of circulating particle beams.