This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Linguistics


00:05:09 1 Nomenclature
00:06:35 2 Variation and universality
00:07:17 2.1 Pidgin
00:07:43 2.2 Creole
00:08:11 2.3 Dialect
00:10:01 2.4 Discourse
00:11:20 2.5 Standard language
00:12:12 2.6 Lexicon
00:13:32 2.7 Relativity
00:14:54 3 Structures
00:17:11 3.1 Grammar
00:18:31 3.2 Style
00:19:24 4 Approaches
00:19:33 4.1 Theoretical
00:20:26 4.2 Functional
00:21:01 5 Methodology
00:22:24 5.1 Anthropology
00:23:21 5.2 Sources
00:24:59 5.3 Analysis
00:26:09 6 History
00:26:18 6.1 Early grammarians
00:28:24 6.2 Comparative philology
00:29:30 6.3 Structuralism
00:30:30 6.4 Generativism
00:32:20 6.5 Functionalism
00:33:55 6.6 Cognitive linguistics
00:35:41 7 Areas of research
00:35:50 7.1 Historical linguistics
00:36:45 7.2 Ecolinguistics
00:37:21 7.3 Sociolinguistics
00:38:06 7.4 Developmental linguistics
00:38:36 7.5 Neurolinguistics
00:39:43 8 Applied linguistics
00:42:18 9 Interdisciplinary fields
00:42:44 9.1 Semiotics
00:44:09 9.2 Language documentation
00:45:42 9.3 Translation
00:46:46 9.4 Biolinguistics
00:47:20 9.5 Clinical linguistics
00:48:31 9.6 Computational linguistics
00:49:08 9.7 Evolutionary linguistics
00:49:37 9.8 Forensic linguistics



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- Socrates



SUMMARY
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Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and it involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context. The earliest activities in the documentation and description of language have been attributed to the 6th century BC Indian grammarian Pāṇini who wrote a formal description of the Sanskrit language in his Aṣṭādhyāyī.Linguists traditionally analyse human language by observing an interplay between sound and meaning. Phonetics is the study of speech and non-speech sounds, and delves into their acoustic and articulatory properties. The study of language meaning, on the other hand, deals with how languages encode relations between entities, properties, and other aspects of the world to convey, process, and assign meaning, as well as manage and resolve ambiguity. While the study of semantics typically concerns itself with truth conditions, pragmatics deals with how situational context influences the production of meaning.Grammar is a system of rules which governs the production and use of utterances in a given language. These rules apply to sound as well as meaning, and include componential subsets of rules, such as those pertaining to phonology (the organisation of phonetic sound systems), morphology (the formation and composition of words), and syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences). Modern theories that deal with the principles of grammar are largely based within Noam Chomsky's framework of generative linguistics.In the early 20th century, Ferdinand de Saussure distinguished between the notions of langue and parole in his formulation of structural linguistics. According to him, parole is the specific utterance of speech, whereas langue refers to an abstract phenomenon that theoretically defines the principles and system of rules that govern a language. This distinction resembles the one made by Noam Chomsky between competence and performance in his theory of transformative or generative grammar. According to Chomsky, competence is an individual's innate capacity and potential for language (like in Saussure's langue), while performance is the specific way in which it is used by individuals, groups, and communities (i.e., parole, in Saussurean terms).The study of parole (which manifests through cultural discourses and dialects) is the domain of sociolinguistics, the sub-discipline that comprises the study of a complex system of linguistic facets within a certain speech community (governed by its own set of grammatical rules and laws). Discourse analysis further examines the structure of texts and conversations emerging out of a speech community's usage of language. This is done through the collection of linguistic data, or through the formal discipline of c ...