This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance


00:04:08 1 Overview
00:07:41 2 Origins
00:09:25 2.1 Latin and Greek phases of Renaissance humanism
00:12:26 2.2 Social and political structures in Italy
00:15:19 2.3 Black Plague
00:18:11 2.4 Cultural conditions in Florence
00:19:45 3 Characteristics
00:19:54 3.1 Humanism
00:23:01 3.2 Humanism and Libraries
00:24:14 3.3 Art
00:27:56 3.4 Science
00:30:57 3.5 Navigation and Geography
00:32:42 3.6 Music
00:33:28 3.7 Religion
00:36:05 3.8 Self-awareness
00:38:02 4 Spread
00:38:37 4.1 England
00:39:09 4.2 France
00:40:40 4.3 Germany
00:41:50 4.4 Hungary
00:44:53 4.5 Netherlands
00:45:31 4.6 Northern Europe
00:47:37 4.7 Poland
00:49:05 4.8 Portugal
00:51:49 4.9 Russia
00:56:32 4.10 Spain
00:58:09 4.11 Further countries
00:58:22 5 Historiography
00:58:31 5.1 Conception
01:01:33 5.2 Debates about progress
01:04:43 6 Other Renaissances



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SUMMARY
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The Renaissance (UK: , US: ) is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries and marking the transition from the middle ages to modernity. Some historians focus more on the medieval aspects of the Renaissance and argue that it was an extension of the medieval period; others focus more on its modern aspects and argue that it was a break with the past.The intellectual basis of the Renaissance was its own invented version of humanism, derived from the concept of Roman Humanitas and the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy, such as that of Protagoras, who said that "Man is the measure of all things." This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature. Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe: the very first traces appear in Italy as early as the late 13th century, in particular with the writings of Dante and the paintings of Giotto.
As a cultural movement, the Renaissance encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch; the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting; and gradual but widespread educational reform. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".The Renaissance began in Florence, Italy, in the 14th century. Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time: its political structure; the patronage of its dominant family, the Medici; and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks. Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Milan, Bologna, and finally Rome during the Renaissance Papacy.
The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and, in line with general scepticism of discrete periodizations, there has been much debate among historians reacting to the 19th-century glorification of the "Renaissance" and individual culture heroes as "Renaissance men", questioning the usefulness of Renaissance as a term and as ...