Animated audio summary of Thinking Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman.
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About Daniel Kahneman

Daniel Kahneman is Professor of Psychology and Public Affairs Emeritus at the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, the Eugene Higgins Professor of Psychology Emeritus at Princeton University, and a fellow of the Center for Rationality at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Dr. Kahneman is a member of the National Academy of Science, the Philosophical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is also a fellow of the American Psychological Association, the American Psychological Society, the Society of Experimental Psychologists, and the Econometric Society. In 2015, The Economist listed him as the seventh most influential economist in the world. In 2002, Kahneman was also awarded a Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences.

Introduction

Thinking, Fast and Slow provides an outline of the two most common approaches our brains utilize. Like a computer, our brain is built of systems. System 1 is fast, intuitive, and emotional. Daniel Kahneman encourages us to move away from our reliance on this system. System 1 is the most common source of mistakes and stagnation. In comparison, system 2 is a slower, more deliberate, and logical thought process. Kahneman recommends tapping into this system more frequently. As well as this advice, Kahneman provides guidance on how and why we make our decisions.

StoryShot #1: System 1 Is Innate

There are two systems associated with our thought processes. For each system, Kahneman outlines the primary functions and the decision making processes associated with each system.

System 1 includes all capabilities that are innate and generally shared with similar creatures within the animal kingdom. For example, each of us is born with an innate ability to recognize objects, orient our attention to important stimuli, and fear things linked to death or disease. System 1 also deals with mental activities that have become near-innate by becoming faster and more automatic. These activities generally move into system 1 because of prolonged practice. Certain pieces of knowledge will be automatic for you. For example, you do not even have to think about what the capital of England is. Over time, you have built an automatic association with the question, ‘What is the capital of England?’ As well as intuitive knowledge, system 1 also deals with learned skills, such as reading a book, riding a bike and how to act in common social situations.

There are also certain actions that are generally in system 1 but can also fall into system 2. This overlap occurs if you are making a deliberate effort to engage with that action. For example, chewing will generally fall into system 1. That said, suppose you become aware that you should be chewing your food more than you had been. In that case, some of your chewing behaviors will be shifted into the effortful system 2.

Attention is often associated with both systems 1 and 2. They work in tandem. For example, system 1 will be driving your immediate involuntary reaction to a loud sound. Your system 2 will then take over and offer voluntary attention to this sound and logical reasoning about the sound’s cause.

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