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This is a video in my new Core Concepts series -- designed to provide students and lifelong learners a brief discussion focused on one main concept from a classic philosophical text and thinker.

This Core Concept video focuses on Seneca's Letter 65 and examines his discussions of the types of causes understood from Stoic, Aristotelian, and Platonic perspectives. Seneca enumerates the four Aristotelian causes - material, efficient, formal, and final and adds to these the Platonic model or exemplar. From the Stoic perspective, none of these, except for the efficient cause - understood as the productive reason (ratio efficiens) or God - is really a cause.

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